Optimizing Vaccine Supply Chain in Rural Areas: Insights from a Mountainous Italian Province

The pandemic has brought the logistics of vaccine distribution to the forefront of discussions in the healthcare sector. However, it is important to recognise that an efficient vaccine supply chain is crucial not only in emergencies but also for regularly distributed and administered vaccines. This paper presents a case study on the influenza vaccine supply chain in a mountainous Italian province. The location of vaccine hubs can significantly impact access to vaccines for vulnerable patients. The case study compares the current location of these hubs with theoretically optimal locations identified through facility location problem algorithms. Moreover, it examines how collaboration between health authorities can improve vaccine distribution routes through vehicle routing problem algorithms. By collaborating, health authorities can establish a strong foundation for a national distribution pathway that can be activated in times of crisis. This work applies well-established models to a real-world case, providing valuable insights into the practical application of these concepts. The results of this case study could have important implications for improving access to vaccines and ensuring that vulnerable populations living in rural areas receive the care they need.