Challenges and Revenge of Borders. The Islamic State and Covid-19 as Opposite Poles of the Same Pendulum

After the Cold War theories about the overpassing of national borders emerged as preminent. The events occurred during the last 20 years put in crisis those theories: on one hand, the Islamic State represented the major challenge to the World order based on Nation-States; on the other, the Covid-19 crisis seems to favour a revenge of borders. These are the two opposite poles of a same pendulum, in which the national borders still remain the crucial elements of international relations.