Defending Peter Lombard: The Theological Argumensta against Joachim of Fiore in Early-Thirteenth-Century Paris

The Fourth Lateran Council’s condemnation of Joachim of Fiore’s criticisms of Peter Lombard’s Trinitarian theology was no endpoint to the complex reception of the Lombard’s theology. On the contrary, as this article shows, the arguments of the Calabrian abbot became the object of extensive analysis by leading Parisian theologians of the first half of the thirteenth century. In their work, the theologians made use of sophisticated logical and dialectical tools, offering crucial contributions to the development of Trinitarian theology.