Epilogue: areas for future research

This conclusion presents some closing thoughts on the concepts covered in the preceding chapters of this book. The book shows that the diffusion of populism relies on different mechanisms like "personal ties, indirect devices as the media, and third actors or mediators. It explains that online publications like Breitbart News or the British Westmonster emerged as forums for rightwing European pundits and politicians to exchange views. The book suggests that populism challenges several dominant social scientific, and in particular political science, perspectives. It shows that populist constitutionalism is at the heart of processes of democratic erosion in Europe and Latin America. Studies of populism in the global south show its inclusionary outcomes. Populists in the global south, at least during the first process of popular and democratic incorporation, included previously economically, politically, and culturally marginalized groups.