Muslim women as “double ambassadors” of Islam: breaking stereotypes in everyday life and Muslim communities

Drawing on interviews with Muslim female activists in Spain and Italy, we explore their role as 'double ambassadors'. On the one hand, as van Es (2019) has shown in the Dutch case, Muslim female activists act as ambassadors of Islam in European societies by challenging gendered stereotypes. On the other, by analysing their feminism-related narratives, we suggest that they can also be interpreted as ambassadors of gender rights and feminism in Muslim communities.